Module 12: Verb

Verbs That are always followed by The Infinitive 
Some verbs can take another verb as the complement instead of a noun. Sometimes the verb functioning as the complement must be in the infinitive (to + verb) and sometimes it must be in the gerund (verb + ing) form. The following verbs are always followed by the infinitive if the complement is a verb.

• agree: Farida has agreed to act as a liaison between the two countries. 
• desire
• hope
• plan 
• strive 
• attempt: The president will attempt to reduce inflation in the next four years.
• expect: John expects to begin studying law next semester.
• intend
• prepare: The soldiers are preparing to attack the village.
• tend
• claim 
• fail
• learn: Farida Learned to swim when she was very young.
• pretend
• want: I want to sleep because I am sleepy.
• decide: The budget committee decided to postpone this meeting.
• forget 
• need: I need to sleep because I am sleepy.
• refuse
• wish 
• demand 
• hesitate
• offer
• seem

The following verbs are always followed by the gerund: 

• admit 
• delay 
• miss
• report: The Coast Guard has reported seeing another ship in the Florida Straits.
• suggest 
• appreciate
• deny 
• postpone
• resent
• avoid
• enjoy: I enjoy listening to the music every day.
• practice
• resist 
• cannot help
• finish
• quit
• resume
• consider: Suhalmin was considering buying a new car until the prices went up.
• mind: Would you mind not smoking in this office?
• recall
• risk: You should not risk entering that building in its present condition.

NOTE: these sentences are made negative by adding the negative particle not before the infinitive or gerund.

• Suhalmin decided not to buy the car.
• We regretted not going to the party last night. 

The following verbs can be followed by either the infinitive or the gerund with no change in meaning. 

• begin 
• hate: John hates to ride her bicycle to school. OR John hates riding her bicycle to school. 
• regret
• cannot stand 
• like
• start: He started to study after dinner. OR  He started studying after dinner
• continue
• love 
• try 
• dread
• prefer

Verbs + Prepositions + Followed the Gerund 

if a verb + preposition, adjective + preposition, noun + preposition, or preposition alone is followed directly by a verb, the verb will always be in the gerund form. The following list consists of verbs + prepositions.

• approve of 
• give up 
• rely on: I rely on you to play this game
• worry about
• be better off
• insist on 
• succeed in 
• count on 
• keep on
• think about 
• depend on 
• put off 
• think of 

These verb + preposition expression must also be followed by the gerund

·        object to:

·        look forward to: We are not looking forward to going back to school

·        confess to: I confessed to eating the cake last night.

 

Given here is a list of some of the common irregular verbs in English. It is very important that you know whether a verb is irregular or regular. You will notice that regular verbs are the same in the past tense and past participle; however, irregular verbs are very often different in these forms:

Irregular Verbs

	SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE	SIMPLE PAST TENSE	PAST PARTICIPLE	PRESENT PARTICIPLE	MEANING IN INDONESIA	SYNONIM
	arise	arose	arisen	arising	muncul/bangkit
	awake	awoke	awoken	awakening	bangun
	be	was/were	been	being	menjadi
	begin	began	begun	beginning	memulai
	bind	bound	bound	binding	mengikat
	bite	bit	bitten	biting	mengigit
	blow	blew	blown	blowing	meniup
	break	broke	broken	breaking	merusak
	bring	brought	brought	bringing	membawa
	build	built	built	building	membangun
	buy	bought	bought	buying	membeli
	catch	caught	caught	catching	menangkap
	choose	chose	chosen	choosing	memilih
	do	did	done	doing	melakukan
	drink	drank	drunk	drinking	minum
	drive	drove	driven	driving	mengendarai
	eat	ate	eaten	eating	makan
	fall	fell	fallen	falling	jatuh
	feel	felt	felt	feeling	merasakan
	find	found	found	finding	menemukan
	fly	flew	flown	flying	terbang
	forget	forgot	forgotten	forgetting	lupa
	get	got	gotten	getting	mendapatkan
	give	gave	given	giving	memberikan
	hear	heard	heard	hearing	mendengar
	hide	hid	hidden	hiding	memyembunyikan
	keep	kept	kept	keeping	menjaga
	lead	led	led	leading	memimpin
	leave	left	left	leaving	meninggalkan
	lose	lost	lost	losing	kehilangan/kalah
	make	made	made	making	membuat
	meet	met	met	meeting	bertemu
	pay	paid	paid	paying	membayar	Buy, check out
	ride	rode	ridden	riding	mengendarai
	run	ran	run	running	berlari
	say	said	said	saying	mengatakan
	sell	sold	sold	selling	menjual
	send	sent	sent	sending	mengirim
	sing	sang	sung	singing	beryanyi
	sink	sank	sank	sinking	tenggelam
	sit	sat	sat	sitting	duduk
	speak	spoke	spoken	speaking	berbicara
	spend	spent	spent	spending	menghabiskan
	stand	stood	stood	standing	berdiri
	steal	stole	stolen	stealing	mencuri
	strive	strove (strived)	striven (strived)	striving	berjuang
	swim	swam	swum	swimming	berenang
	take	took	taken	taking	mengambil
	teach	taught	taught	teaching	mengajar
	tear	tore	torn	tearing	merobek
	tell	told	told	telling	memberi tahu
	think	thought	thought	thinking	berpikir
	throw	threw	thrown	throwing	melemparkan
	wear	wore	worn	wearing	memakai
	wake	woke	woken	waking	bangun
	weep	wept	wept	weeping	menangis	Cry
	win	won	won	winning	menang
	write	wrote	written	writing	menulis
	need	needed	needed	needing	perlu
	bear	bone	borne/born	bearing	membawa /melahirkn	Bring,
	become	became	become	becoming	menjadi
	bend	bent	bent	bending	membungkuk
	bleed	bled	bled	bleeding	berdarah
	bless	blest/blessed	blest/blessed	blessing	memberkati
	breed	bred	bred	breeding	membiakkan
	burn	burnt/burned	burnt/burned	burning	membakar
	cling	clung	clung	clinging	melekat
	come	came	come	coming	datang
	creep	crept	crept	creeping	merangkak
	deal/deals	dealt	dealt	dealing	berurusan dengan
	dig/digs	dug	dug	digging	menggali
	dive	dived/dove	dived	diving	menyelam
	draw	drew	drawn	drawing	menggambar
	dream	dreamt	dreamt	dreaming	bermimpi
	dwell	dwelt	dwelt	dwelling	mendiami
	feed	fed	fed	feeding	memberi makan
	fight	fought	fought	fighting	berjuang	Strive
	flee	fled	fled	fleeing	melarikan diri	Escape,
	fling	flung	flung	flinging	mencampakan
	forbear	forbore	forborne	forbearing	menahan diri /sabar
	forbid	forbad	forbidden	forbidding	melarang
	foretell	foretold	foretold	foretelling	meramal
	forgive	forgave	forgiven	forgiving	memaafkan
	forsake	forsook	forsaken	forsaking	berpantang
	freeze	froze	frozen	freezing	membeku
	forswear	forswore	forsworn	forswearing	bersumpah
	go	went	gone	going	pergi
	grind	ground	ground	grinding	menggiling
	grow	grew	grown	growing	tumbuh
	hang	hung/hanged	hung/hanged	hanging	menggantung
	hew	hewed	hewed/hewn	hewing	menebang
	hold	held	held	holding	memegang
	kneel	knelt/kneeled	knelt/kneeled	kneeling	berlutut
	lay	laid	laid	laying	berbaring
	lean	leaned	leaned	leaning	menyandarkan
	leap	leaped	leaped	leaping	melompati
	learn	learned	learned	learning	belajar
	lend	lent	lent	lending	meminjami
	lie	lay	lain	lying	berbohong
	light	lit/lighted	lit/lighted	lighting	menyinar
	mean	meant	meant	meaning	bermaksud /berniat
	mistake	mistook	mistaken	mistaking	membuat /kekeliruan
	misunderstand	misunderstood	misunderstood	misunderstanding	salah paham
	mow	mowed	mowed/mown	mowing	memangkas /merumput
	oversee	oversaw	overseen	overseeing	memandori /mengawasi
	prove	proved	proven	proving	membuktikan
	rend	rent	rent	rending	menyoyak
	seek	sought	sought	seeking	mencari
	shake	shook	shaken	shaking	mengocok
	shave	shaved	shaven	shaving	mencukur
	shine	shone	shone	shining	bersinar /bercahaya
	shoot	shot	shot	shooting	menembak
	show	showed	shown	showing	menampilkan /menunjukka
	slay	slew	slain	slaying	membunuh
	sleep	slept	slept	sleeping	tidur
	slide	slid	dlid	sliding	meluncur
	sling	slung	slung	slinging	melemparkan
	speed	sped	sped	speeding	bergerak cepat
	spell	spelt	spelt	spelling	mengeja
	spill	spilt	spilt	spilling	menumpahkan
	spin	spun	spun	spinning	berputar /memutar
	spit	spat	spat	spiting	meludah
	spoil	spoilt	spoilt	spoiling	memanjakan
	spring	sprang	sprung	springing	melompat
	stick	stuck	stuck	sticking	menempel
	sting	stung	stung	stinging	menyengat
	strike	struck	struck	striking	melanda
	sweep	swept	swept	sweeping	menyapu
	swell	swelled	swelled/swollen	swelling	membengkak

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Regular Verbs

	SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE	SIMPLE PAST TENSE	PAST PARTICIPLE	PRESENT PARTICIPLE	MEANING IN INDONESIA	SYNONIM
	renown	renowned	renowned	renowning	Terkenal
	devote	devoted	devoted	devoting	mengabdikan
	envisage	envisaged	envisaged	envisaged	membayangkan
	soar	soared	soared	soaring	melonjak
	accustom	Accustomed	accustomed	Accustoming	membiasakan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unchanged Verbs

	SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE	SIMPLE PAST TENSE	PAST PARTICIPLE	PRESENT PARTICIPLE	MEANING IN INDONESIA	SYNONIM
	read	read	read	reading	membaca	recite
	bet	bet	bet	betting
	bid	bid	bid	bidding
	cost	cost	cost	costing	membiayai
	cut	cut	cut	cutting
	fit	fit	fit	fitting
	hit	hit	hit	hitting
	put	put	put	putting
	quit	quit	quit	quitting
	shut	shut	shut	shutting
	spread	spread	spread	Spreading

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Stative Verbs
The verbs listed under are almost never used in the present or past continuous, although it is possible in some cases.

	SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE	SIMPLE PAST TENSE	PAST PARTICIPLE	PRESENT PARTICIPLE	MEANING IN INDONESIA	SYNONIM
	have	had	had	having	mempunyai	Belong, possess, own,
	astonish	astonished	astonished	astonishing	Mengherankan
	appear	appeared	appeared	appearing	Memperlihatkan
	believe	believed	believed	believing	percaya
	know	knew	known	knowing	mengetahui
	understand	understood	understood	understanding	mengerti
	undergo	underwent	undergone	undergoing	mengalami
	beat	beat	beaten	beating	mengalahkan
	hate	hated	hated	hating	benci
	love	loved	loved	loving	cinta
	appear	appeared	appeared	appearing	tampak	Emerge, Seem
	see	saw	seen	seeing	melihat
	like	liked	liked	liking	suka	Eager, Fascinate
	seem	seemed	seemed	seeming	terlihat
	smell	smelt	smelt	smelling	berbau
	want	wanted	wanted	wanting	ingin
	taste	tasted	tasted	tasting	rasa/mencicipi
	wish	wished	wished	wishing	mengharapkan
	sound	sounded	sounded	sounding	bersuara
	own	owned	owned	owning	memiliki

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Reference: a Book Cliffs TOEFL Preparation Guide