Module 28: Conjunctions

Participle Clause

To replace a relative clause
She was the nurse who was looking after the patient at the time.
She was the nurse looking after the patient at the time.

With prepositions and conjunctions

After I have learnt grammar and accuracy, I could speak English very well.
After having learn grammatical and accuracy, I could speak English very well.

After having dinner, I will clean the dishes.

 

Infinitive Clauses
To get much money, I must work harder. (first sentence)
To be successful surgeon is the dream of many young children. (to start a sentence)
My job was to give the patients their lunch. (after the verb to be)

Coordinate Conjuction (Compound Sentence FANBOYS (For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So)

1.      For > I told her to leave, for I was tired.

2.      Not > I have neither done the dishes nor the laundry.

3.      He does not talk to his friends nor does he call his father.

4.      Neither my friend nor my family supported me.

5.      Yet > The weather was cols, yet bright and sunny.

 

 

 

Subordinate Conjuction Relative Pronouns

Who

There are a lot of people who hate having injections. (defining clauses)

My mom has a big heart, who I love. (non-defining clauses)

Which 

This is the prescription which the doctor gave me.

This is a doll which my husband bought for me.

This is the medical encyclopaedia to which I referred (very formal).

This is the medical encyclopaedia I which I referred to (less formal).

She announced that she wanted to be a pathologist, which really shocked us. (the announcement shocked us)

Whom

That is the consultant with whom I spoke. 

I talk with my friend with whom I admire it.

That

This is the prescription that the doctor gave me.

When

I will never forget the day when I broke my finger.

Where

Harley street, where she was born, is famous for it clinics.

And that is (the reason) why I wanted to become a vet.

Why

And that is (the reason) why I wanted to become a vet.

To take the IELTS test, I must be fluently that is why I learn grammar.

Whose

There are several kids in my class whose parents are doctors.

What

What I do not understand is why she did not take her pills.

 

 

 

Additional Impersonal Perspective

1.      It cannot be denied that > It cannot be denied that money plays an important role in people’s lives.

2.      People often claim that > People often claim that children cannot grow up without a parental present.

3.      It is undeniable that > It is undeniable that watching TV programs has both positive and negative effects on people.

 

Additional Personal View

1.      To my mind > To my mind, everyone should be encouraged to stay in school until 18 years old.

2.      It seems to me that > It seems to me that death penalty is essential to prevent humans from committing serious crimes.

3.      To my way of thinking > To my way of thinking is that there are serious reasons why people decide to live in big cities.

 

Additional Information

1.      Furthermore > Furthermore, I don’t need to worry about washing dishes when I finish eating.

2.      Moreover > Moreover, my clothes washer has a large capacity up to 15 kg so I can run a load of clothing through at one time in order to save both water and time.

3.      Besides > Besides, cycling also provides me a great way to stay healthier as compared to other means of transport, including buses.

4.      As well as > The main reasons behind this are too many private vehicles in the city as well as the rise of factories since my country has become a manufacturing country. 

5.      Whereas > You eat a huge plate of food fur lunch, whereas I have just a sandwich.

6.      Likewise > Just water these plants twice a week, and likewise the ones in the bedroom.

 

Additional Result

1.      Therefore > We were unable to get funding and therefore had to abandon the project.

2.      As a result of > As a result of the accident, he suffered permanent brain damage.

3.      Hence > He's just got a pay rise, hence the new car.

4.      Whereby > We need to devise some sort of system whereby people can liaise with each other.

5.      One result of this is that > One result of this is that these individuals would rather choose driving cars rather than walking for exercising.

6.      May/Might lead to or result in > Urbanization may result in/might lead to crime, traffic congestion, and pollution in cities.

7.      So as to/In order to > I always keep fruit in the fridge so as to keep flies off it.

 

Additional Contrast

1.      However > Both of them are really fun. However, (now you start talking about one of them) dogs have more personality and are very loyal (positive).

2.      Nevertheless > Their team had not lost a game the entire season. Nevertheless, we beat them by a huge margin last night.

3.      Nonetheless > There are serious problems in our country. Nonetheless, we feel this is a good time to return.

4.      Even though > Her thoroughness and dedication in teaching inspired me to study English, even though I had not been interested in this foreign language before.

5.      Albeit > Albeit the fact that he studied hard, he could not pass the test.

6.      In spite of the fact > Despite the fact that it was raining, they went for a walk.

7.      Despite of the fact > In spite of the rain, they went for a walk.

8.      While is true to say that > While is true to say that the city is noisy, dirty, and overcrowded, in fact, it is a very interesting place to visit.

9.      Whereas > You eat a huge plate of food for lunch, whereas I have just a sandwich.

 

Additional Conditional

1.      If, Then > If you get the work finished by Friday, Then I will pay you double.

2.      Unless > There will not be a reduction in pollution unless governments invest in public transportation.

 

Additional Example

1.      Namely > Minor crimes, namely pick pocketing and traffic offenses, should not have the same penalty as serious crimes, such as manslaughter and murder.

2.      For Instance > For instance, a father who has good skill in sports would have children with good skills in sports as well.

3.      Particularly > This course is particularly suitable for science students, particularly those in engineering.

 

Additional Cause Effect

1.      Since > Since we have got a few minutes to wait for the trains, let us have a cup of coffee

2.      As > As it was getting late, I decided toto book into a hotel.

3.      Inasmuch as > Inasmuch as you are their commanding officer, you are responsible for the behaviour of these men.

 

Additional About Reality

1.      Indeed > Indeed, traditional culture is slowly being wiped out by the strong current of technology.

2.      In fact > In fact, my brother and I do not have much in common at all.

3.      As a matter of fact > As a matter of fact, exchanging gifts is not our traditional practice.

4.      The fact of the matter is that > the fact of the matter is that the number of old workers has increased these days.

 

Additional Cause Reason

1.      This is because > A vast majority of people prefer cycling. This is because riding a bicycle to work is healthier than driving.

2.      This may be caused by > This may be caused by effects of global warming.

3.      This can be explained by > This can be explained by the fact that movies have been considered to be fashionable and entertaining.

4.      The reason for this is that > The reason for this that happiness means different thing to different people.

 

Additional During The Time

1.      Whilst > I visited several large cities whilst I was in Scotland.